Water softener

Ion exchange is a method widely used in household (laundry detergents and water filters) to produce soft

water. This is accomplished by exchanging calcium

Ca2+ and magnesium Mg2+ cations against Na+ or H+ cations

In reverse osmosis,

pressure is applied to the compartment with high TDS (Total Dissolved Solids). There are two forces influencing the movement of water: The pressure caused by the difference in solute

concentration between the two compartments and the externally applied pressure.

Other systems of water softening